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Metal-binder mixtures (including Metal clay and Precious Metal Clay), ceramic-binder mixtures (including ceramic clay and ceramic slurries), cermet, metal matrix composite, ceramic matrix composite, Metal ( MIG Welding) Robocasting or MIG Welding 3D Printing or Direct Ink Writing (DIW) or Extrusion based Additive Manufacturing of Metals (EAM) and Ceramics (EAC) Thermoplastics, eutectic metals, edible materials, Rubbers, Modeling clay, Plasticine Hot-melt materials (wax, thermoplastic, metal alloy), Dispersed materials (technical ceramics, metals, polymers)įused deposition modeling (FDM) or Fused filament fabrication (FFF) and fused pellet fabrication or fused particle fabrication Typeĭrop-On-Demand or Continuous (Single or Multi nozzle) Particle Deposition However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. The main considerations in choosing a machine are generally speed, costs of the 3D printer, of the printed prototype, choice and cost of the materials, and color capabilities. Others sometimes use standard, off-the-shelf business paper as the build material to produce a durable prototype. Each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, which is why some companies offer a choice of powder and polymer for the material used to build the object. Inkjet technology allows 3D models to be solid or open cell structures as defined by the 3D printer inkjet print configuration. Complex 3D models are printed with many overlapping drops fused together into layers as defined by the sliced CAD file. Color Hot-melt inks print individual drops of CMYK on top of each other to produce a single color object with 1-3 layers melted together. Each drop of Solid Ink from Hot-melt material actually prints one particle or one object. Particle Deposition using inkjet technology prints layers of material in the form of individual drops. With laminated object manufacturing (LOM), thin layers are cut to shape and joined (e.g., paper, polymer, metal). selective laser melting (SLM) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), or fused filament fabrication (FFF), while others cure liquid materials using different sophisticated technologies, such as stereolithography (SLA). Some methods melt or soften the material to produce the layers, for example. The main differences between processes are in the way layers are deposited to create parts and in the materials that are used. Ī large number of additive processes are now available. The printers were originally large, expensive, and highly limited in what they could produce. Several 3D printing processes have been invented since the late 1970s. Some printers are large enough to fabricate buildings whilst others tend to micro and nanoscale sized objects and in general many different technologies can be exploited to physically produce the designed objects. Some lend themselves better toward industry use (in this case the term Additive Manufacturing is preferred) whereas others make 3D printing accessible to the average consumer. The variety of processes and equipment allows for numerous uses by amateurs and professionals alike. These usually involve aspects such as speed, costs, versatility with respect to feedstock material, geometrical limitations and tolerances, as well as a mechanical and appearance properties of the products such as strength, texture and color.
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There are many different 3D printing processes, that can be grouped into seven categories: Įach process and piece of equipment has pros and cons associated with it.
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